Mega Subramaniam, Associate Professor, College of Information Studies, University of Maryland
Subramaniam, Mega. Designing the Library of the Future for and with Teens: Librarians as the “Connector” in Connected Learning. Journal of Research on Libraries & Young Adults 7 (2016): n. page. Web. <Date accessed>. 
*winner of YALSA’s 2015 Midwinter Paper Presentation
Abstract
Teen services librarians are well positioned to embrace connected learning principles in designing and implementing teen programs and services at their libraries. Due to the proliferation of participatory culture among teens, it is crucial that teen services librarians obtain teens’ voices (especially from non-dominant teens) as they conceptualize, design, implement, and evaluate connected learning programs and services for teens. By illuminating the desired librarian-teen engagement practices in connected learning using Radical Change theory, this paper describes six cooperative inquiry techniques utilized by human-computer interaction scholars to co-design technologies and learning programs with children that can be adapted for designing library programs and services with and for teens. In addition to explaining these techniques, potential ways that these techniques can be used by teen services librarians are presented.
Introduction
The emergence of newer technologies (e.g., ubiquitous computing, mobile computing, wearable technologies) has led to a “participatory culture,” challenging the notion that there are designated experts who produce knowledge while the public consumes this knowledge. Through participatory culture and leveraging the power of newer technologies that have revolutionized the speed and capabilities of knowledge production and dissemination, the public can now be problem-solvers and experts themselves regardless of their formal education and training.[i] This participatory culture has also transformed learning, particularly in skills that are needed to ensure productive participation, such as collaboration, self-direction, systems thinking, information literacy, and design thinking.[ii] The development of these skills among youth is challenging within the context of formal learning environments, such as schools, where learning is almost always in situ and normalized, whereas youth learn outside of school through interactions with their surroundings, community, peers, adults, and technology.[iii] Unfortunately, in school classrooms students are often restricted from using these newer technologies due to the demands of the school curriculum, testing pressures, time limitations, malfunctioning equipment, stringent firewalls, and school policies that consider these technologies a distraction.[iv] This results in a dichotomy that is often used in education and experienced by students themselves: the formal (in-school) and informal (out-of-school) learning, which many scholars acknowledge as a problematic distinction but one that is commonly used.[v]
The connected learning framework developed by Ito and colleagues elegantly unites these informal and formal learning pursuits by articulating a vision for leveraging networked technologies to promote learning experiences that are academically oriented, peer-supported, and interest-driven, as well as production-centered, openly networked, and grounded in a shared purpose.[vi] This framework champions the use of emerging technologies to support connected learning by strengthening young people’s access to knowledge and information, offering timely feedback and individualized and collaborative learning experiences, and linking youth to adult mentors who have expertise in an area of shared interest.
The Future of Library Services for and with Teens report calls for reimagining the position of libraries to promote the three spheres of learning (interest-driven, peer-supported, and academically-oriented) among non-dominant teens, as described in the connected learning model.[vii] Public libraries continue to be a place whereby non-dominant teens can feel comfortable and are encouraged to explore networked technologies.[viii] Non-dominant teens—who often come from low socioeconomic backgrounds, immigrant families, and minority groups—struggle to formulate the connections between these three spheres because access, literacy, and support from adult mentors are often lacking for them compared to their more privileged counterparts.[ix] Teen librarians need to know how to work with youth from non-dominant groups who need libraries the most.[x] To build teen services librarians’ capacity to encourage connected learning among non-dominant teen groups, teen services librarians will need to offer programs and services that meet these teens where they are and inspire them to push their current boundaries of learning. Surveys, interviews, and forming a teen advisory council are no longer sufficient when designing teen programs. Instead, it is time to involve teens themselves as co-designers of programs and services. Teen services librarians need to apply interdisciplinary approaches to establish equal partnership and learning opportunities that facilitate discovery and use of digital media. Such approaches are informed by research, methods, and best practices in disciplines outside of library and information science.[xi]
In this paper, I will provide a brief overview of connected learning, the radical changes that teen services librarians will need to embrace to be the “connector” in connected learning, and the theoretical underpinnings of participatory design methods that can be used by librarians with youth to ascertain equal partnership with teens. I will then discuss selected participatory design techniques that have been used to design learning technologies in the field of human-computer interaction, which in turn can be adopted to design library programs, spaces, and services to enhance connected learning programming and services in libraries.
Literature Review
Connected Learning in a Nutshell
The ways teens learn, what they want to learn, and what they have to learn to be productive members of society have changed significantly in the recent decade. With the need to master emerging literacies, learn and communicate via networked technologies, and the preference to learn via mentorship and peer support compared to direct instruction, teens’ learning processes and preferences are constantly changing.[xii] Ito and colleagues brought together these current trends in learning to develop a framework called connected learning, which they characterize as a framework “under constant development that offers principles and examples to be adapted and remixed rather than a template for programs and activities [for learning],” precisely situating the learning process that is experienced by teens in the digital and information age.[xiii] In other words, connected learning is not afforded by a specific type of technology genre or platform, but embraces learning using networked technologies. In their seminal article about connected learning, Ito and colleagues define connected learning as “learning that is socially embedded, interest-driven, and oriented toward educational, economic, or political opportunity.”[xiv] Driven by the technological, social, economic, and cultural changes in the society, connected learning is driven by an “equity agenda” that focuses on increasing learning opportunities for non-dominant youth.[xv] Interest-driven, peer-supported, and academically oriented are three learning principles of the connected learning framework. Each of the principles is briefly discussed below:
- Interest-driven: “When a subject is personally interesting and relevant, learners achieve much higher-order learning outcomes.”[xvi] Personal affinity and engagement are the primary drivers for interest-driven participation. Ito and colleagues emphasize that interests can be developed and nurtured, in addition to teens’ inherent interests, such as personal hobbies, media, and so on.[xvii] These interests and passions can be nurtured to allow the growth of diverse identities.[xviii]
- Peer-supported: “In their everyday exchanges with peers and friends, young people are contributing, sharing, and giving feedback in inclusive social experiences that are fluid and highly engaging.”[xix] Such smooth interactions are not only between peers but can be facilitated or mentored by an adult (e.g., parent, librarian, teacher, etc.).
- Academically oriented: “Learners flourish and realize their potential when they can connect their interest and social engagement to academic studies, civic engagement, and career opportunities.”[xx] Ultimately, teens learn the most when they are able to leverage their interests and connections for academic relevance.
The core properties of connected learning experiences are that they be “production-centered,” with a “shared purpose,” and be “openly networked.”[xxi] Connected learning is “production-centered” because learners can utilize a variety of digital media tools to produce knowledge and cultural content through the practices of remixing and curation. It has a “shared purpose” because learners unite through shared goals and interests, creating cross-cultural and cross-generational learning. “Openly networked” refers to “online platforms and digital tools . . . [that] . . . make learning abundant, accessible, and visible across all learner settings.”[xxii] While connected learning is applicable to any age group, Ito and colleagues explicitly point out its relevance to teens because the teen years are a “critical time when individuals form interests and social identities that are key to the connected learning model.”[xxiii]
Radical Change in the Approach to Programming
To be the “connector” in connected learning, teen services librarians will need to fundamentally change the way they work with teens and how they offer programming for teens at their libraries. In order to realize connected learning in libraries, teen services librarians must acknowledge that teens have their very own interests and desires that deserve valid attention. It is imperative that teen services librarians understand these interests by intentionally talking to teens about their interests, listening to them, facilitating non-dominant teens to voice their opinions, and reflecting on their roles and positions as they engage in these conversations with teens.[xxiv] To transition to these new roles and practices successfully, a radical change in the way that librarians work with teens is warranted to ensure that teens are equal partners in designing programming and services.
To explain this transition, I build upon Radical Change theory, developed in the 1990s by Dr. Eliza Dresang. Originally intended to explain changes evident in the Black and White picture book (winner of the 1991 Caldecott Medal), Radical Change theory over the last decade has been expanded to explain digital age books and digital age youth information behavior.[xxv] The theory has been acknowledged as being robust in terms of interpreting and predicting youth-related phenomena. Radical Change theory is rooted in the digital age principles of interactivity, connectivity, and access. Interactivity refers to “dynamic, nonlinear, and nonsequential learning and information behavior” that can be controlled by youth.[xxvi] Connectivity is the change in perspectives encountered by youth as they interact with their community and construct meanings of their social worlds. Access refers to penetrating “information barriers, bringing entrée to a wide diversity of formerly large inaccessible opinion.”[xxvii] I utilize these digital age principles to establish three types of changes that librarians will need to embrace when working with teens in designing library programming and services, resulting in a typology of radical change (modeled after Dresang and Koh’s approach in 2009[xxviii]) as presented in table 1 below.
Table 1: Radical Change Typology: Digital Age Teen-Librarian Engagement
| Radical Change Types | Questions | Characteristics |
| Type 1: Changing forms of engaging teens | How do teens voice their interests and passions? | Obtaining teens’ voices through participatory design
Adopting interdisciplinary approaches to capture teens’ voices
Being aware of methods and techniques to work with non-dominant teens |
| Type 2: Changing perspectives | How do teens view libraries and librarians? | Transitioning librarians’ roles from experts to facilitators
Expanding the ecology of learning in libraries beyond books to digital media and social networks
Developing programs that appeal to every culture, every teen, year-round |
| Type 3: Changing boundaries | How do teens connect with everyone around them—their peers, their family, their librarian, and their community? | Strengthening relationships that empower learning within and outside of their communities
Expanding “library learning” to places beyond the library such as home, school, community, etc. |
Type 1 refers to the need to change forms of engaging with teens to obtain their thoughts and feedback on teen programming and services in libraries. To capture the voice of teens—and especially non-dominant teens who may potentially benefit the most from library programming and services—we need to devise participatory design methods to create programs for and with them. Type 2 refers to the need to change teens’ views of librarians and libraries. Librarians need to be ready and willing to transition from expert to facilitator, engaging in active and continuous learning for and with teens to “re-imagin[e] services and spaces.”[xxix] Teen services librarians will need to design programs and services that appeal to every culture and every teen year-round, not only seasonally. Having poetry-related activities solely during National Poetry month or having programs that appeal or appreciate African American culture exclusively during Black History month is no longer acceptable. Additionally, libraries can no longer simply emphasize their book collection alone or have programming solely based on book-related activities. Books are just one of many media types that teens are interested in; their ecology of learning is expansive and includes technology, movies, music, and so on. Type 3 refers to changing the boundaries of youth engagement to extend beyond the library building and its resources. Librarians can no longer quantify the success of their libraries based on how many books or resources have been checked out or the number of teens entering the doors of their libraries. Librarians need to develop dynamic community partnerships that reach beyond the library, specifically “building partnerships and collaborations in their communities.”[xxx] Youth learning is boundless and centered on relationships—relationships between teens and library staff and between teens and the broader community. These relationships result in connections that allow libraries to create an evolving collection of programs and services that meet the requirements of individual teens and teen groups at any moment of need.
Participatory Design Methods
While the characteristics of forms and perspectives of teen-librarian engagement in the digital age as seen through the lens of Radical Change theory (see table 1 above) may seem avant-garde in librarianship, such an approach to engaging users has been utilized for decades in the design of technologies for adults and young people. Participatory design had its beginnings in Scandinavian countries, specifically incorporating workers’ voices into the shaping of work environments and technologies.[xxxi] From its humble beginnings in work environments for adults, techniques used in participatory design have taken various forms, names, and contexts, including expansion of use to include children in the design of technologies as co-designers and not just as users. Druin describes the distinctive ways that children can play a role in the design of technologies—in a range from low to high involvement.[xxxii] These roles rest in a continuum that describes the nature of the child’s participation from user to tester to informant to design partner. Fails, Guha, and Druin indicate that “as [a child] moves along the continuum, the role encompass[es] those at the less involved level.”[xxxiii] While the roles that children play in the design of technologies can be any one of the above-mentioned roles, the most involved role is the role of children as design partners. Since 2000, the idea of children as design partners has been the most widespread as compared to the other roles that children can play in the design of technologies. In this design partner role, “children become equal team members and stakeholders with adults. . . . [A]dults and children work as teammates in technology design.”[xxxiv] Researchers have found that involving children in the design of technologies for children results in ideas and technologies that go beyond the concepts that adult researchers think of themselves.[xxxv]
While participatory design methods and techniques are used in areas such as finance, broadcasting, and psychology, a close examination of these articles reveals a strong theoretical origin and practice in participatory design research in human-computer interaction. There are several participatory design methods for designing technologies with and for youth, including bluebells, bonded design, and cooperative inquiry. In the bluebells method based on British playground games, articulated by Kelly et al., children between the ages of 7 and 9 engage in the design of technology utilizing the “play” metaphor.[xxxvi] Adopting a more serial approach to design, adults work together to design the system before play, followed by children engaged during play, and concluded with adults engaging in the design process after play. The “play” here refers to the stages of the actual design process. During “play,” children participate in four different activities named after playground games that are directly related to a part of the technology that is being designed (i.e., the context, the content, navigation, and the interface). Adults observe children during play, and then discuss their observations and analyze the artifacts after the play.[xxxvii] In the bonded design method, children between the ages of 11 and 12 work together with adults frequently over a short period of time (i.e., a couple of times per week for six weeks) on a single project. In addition to being engaged for only a certain stipulated time period, children are not equal design partners, and their roles lie somewhere between being the informant and partner of the design process.[xxxviii]
There are three reasons why the cooperative inquiry method is particularly relevant to teen librarianship: (1) It can be used and expanded to work with children and teens (ages 5–17), whereas the other participatory design methods are typically used in working with children (typically 7–12 years old); (2) cooperative inquiry emphasizes building and sustaining the design partnership between adults and the children/teens on a longer-term basis (not a one-off) that spans across multiple collaborative projects, which is ideal in a library environment, where teens and librarians regularly see each other and have a sustained relationship; and (3) children/teens are equal partners throughout the design process, actively involved in technology design from conception to completion and are not just product testers alongside adult designers.
The goal of cooperative inquiry is to use a wide variety of ideation and evaluation techniques so that children, teens, and adults can share ideas in ways that maximize idea elaboration yet minimize differences in age, ability, and communication styles. Some techniques may need to be modified to accommodate developmental differences among different age groups (e.g., teens may ask for more structured design prompts; preschoolers will need help collaborating).[xxxix] A cross-comparative analysis of these above-mentioned participatory design methods is further detailed in Fails, Guha, and Druin.[xl] Techniques associated with each of these above-mentioned methods have been utilized to answer various technology design questions in the human-computer interaction field.[xli]
To be able to realize the three learning principles and three core properties of connected learning in the library, librarians must attempt to achieve all three of the Radical Change theory characteristics listed in table 1. This can be done by leveraging the techniques associated with participatory design methods to design programming and services for and with teens.
Objectives
As mentioned earlier, the cooperative inquiry method is the most relevant participatory design method for teen services librarians. Thus, the objective of this paper is to explain selected cooperative inquiry techniques that can be utilized by teen services librarians and to suggest potential scenarios whereby teen services librarians can adopt these techniques to increase teen-librarian engagement as indicated in table 1.
Methods
A thorough examination of a decade’s worth of research literature on cooperative inquiry techniques (2005–2015) yielded twenty-three peer-reviewed articles and conference papers from the human-computer interaction field that clearly indicated the use of one or more cooperative inquiry techniques. Five- or ten-year spans are relatively standard for analyzing methodological trends of specific domains.[xlii] These peer-reviewed articles and conference papers explain one or more of the following: the foundation for the cooperative inquiry method, a selected cooperative inquiry technique or techniques involving children/teens in the design of technology or learning programs, and an extended explanation of the choice of cooperative inquiry technique in the design of specific technologies and learning programs (beyond simply saying that they used a selected technique). All these articles focus on children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 17 years old.
Findings and Discussion
In this section, I will share five cooperative inquiry techniques that have been predominantly used in the human-computer interaction field to design technologies and learning programs with children and teens. For each of these techniques, I will describe the technique, how it was used, and how teen librarians can use it when working with teens.
Bags of Stuff
The formal name for this brainstorming technique with youth is low-tech prototyping, but it is fondly referred to as bags of stuff.[xliii] With the primary goal of creating multiple solutions to an early stage design problem, groups are formed with a balanced mix of adults and children/teens (2–3 young people with 2–3 adults).[xliv] A problem is presented to the large group, and then each group receives a “bag of stuff,” which has arts and crafts materials, such as construction paper, crayons, glue, tape, scissors, yarn, cotton balls, and so on, as well as “found objects” like leftover Styrofoam packing, wine corks, old LEGO pieces, small boxes, etc. Depending on the nature of the problem, appropriate three-dimensional materials (e.g., matchboxes to represent computers, or bells and noisemakers to represent auditory objects for an audio project) are also provided.[xlv]
Using the materials provided in the bag, each group brainstorms a solution to the problem and designs “low-tech” prototypes of their solution. Due to the nature of low-tech prototyping and because adults are working collaboratively with youth, adults must also pay attention to the verbal conversations that happen in the group and take written notes to ensure that the discussions and elaboration of the solutions are not lost in the representation of the artifact or solution produced.[xlvi] Typically, one adult is also designated to be a floater who moves from one group to another to obtain a sense of direction of the conversations and solutions in all groups. After the low-tech prototypes are created, each group presents their ideas to one another. The floater adult will take notes on a whiteboard, writing down the major ideas that emerged during these presentations. As each team presents, any ideas that are surprising, most repeated among groups, or that receive the most reaction from the whole team are documented on the board. After the presentations, the adult team members discuss these ideas and decide which one(s) to pursue.[xlvii] This brainstorming technique has been successfully used in the design of many innovative technologies, such as Tangible Flags and Mobile Stories.[xlviii]
Teen librarians can adopt the bags of stuff technique in the design or redesign of teen spaces at their libraries. Whether they are designing makerspaces, learning labs, learning commons, or teen workspaces, librarians can engage teens in representing their ideas visually by using this technique. Librarians can prepare appropriate “stuff” for the bags based on the problem that is at hand and collaborate with teens to come up with excellent practical designs for their physical spaces. Additionally, because this technique has been used in the design of technologies for children, librarians can also use this method to design virtual spaces for teens that are associated with the library, such as library web pages that are dedicated to teens or other peripheral technological services or virtual spaces provided by the libraries exclusively for teens.[xlix]
Figure 1: A Library Teen Space Designed Using the Bag of Stuff Technique
Mission to Mars
In Mission to Mars[l] (inspired by the brainstorming technique of fictional inquiry), teens interact with “Martians” who are adults. The “Martian” adult will be in a different room than the teens, but will be able to communicate via video-conferencing technology such as Skype, Google Hangout, and so on. The “Martian” adult will initially broadcast a message in the form of asking for a potential solution or providing a prompt to the teens. Then the Martian can opt to go offline or stay online, and the teen design partners work in small groups on solutions to the prompt or problem that the Martian has presented.[li] The brainstorming time given to the teens ultimately depends on the nature of the problem presented and the time that the teens and adults can allocate to this technique. The session culminates with each group of teens presenting their ideas to the Martian. The “fictional” part of the inquiry is the use of the “Martian” concept, which allows teens to be more open, honest, and descriptive because they are creating an idea for a “Martian” rather than a human adult or librarian. The adult designers take notes or view the recordings of the video to amass the big ideas that were presented by the teens.[lii] [liii]
Teen librarians can utilize this technique in the design of programming and services that they intend to offer to teens. The key is in the articulation of the problem or prompt by the “Martian.” This technique is perfect for exploration of novel ideas or adoption of new technologies or trends in the library, whereby the teens will need to explain in detail to the Martian how they would like a technology or innovation to be deployed at the library. For example, the Martian can provide the teens with the following prompts: “For the first time ever, Mars is about to explore gaming in our libraries. How do we design our library space so that teens come to play games with each other at the libraries? What gaming application, accessories, and support should we provide? How can we launch this new gaming initiative in a way that the Martian teens will actually come and play games at the library?” The gaming example provided here can be replaced with any other new genre of learning or innovation.
Layered Elaboration
Fails, Guha, and Druin indicate that youth are oftentimes uncomfortable messing with or ruining the work of other youth and adult design partners. “Even if the work in question is a low-tech, initial, brainstormed prototype, designers, especially youth design partners, can be sensitive to changing the work of others.”[liv] Hence, the layered elaboration technique works well because it allows designers to elaborate on ideas by changing, extending, adding, and/or eliminating the ideas of others without killing the original ideas or ideas that are thought of throughout the process. To begin, teens in a whole group are provided with either a base design, or they can design from scratch.[lv] In small groups, teens sketch their designs using permanent markers on plain white paper attached to clipboards. In a dedicated interval of times (typically every 15 to 20 minutes), all groups come together for a meeting where each group briefly presents their ideas. These large group meetings allow elaboration on the designs so that the next iteration can occur. After the first large group meeting, the first iteration of the idea is then transferred to a clear transparency film and passed to one of the small groups. This group places a clear overhead transparency on top of the initial idea and adds their ideas to the initial storyboard. This process is repeated until each group has had an opportunity to include their design ideas. In this way, all changes are layered, and any elimination is indicated by crossing out ideas. A final debrief meeting is held after all groups have had a chance to provide their design ideas. During the debriefing, an adult design partner will capture the big ideas on a whiteboard or a large sheet of paper. The layered elaboration technique has been successfully utilized in the design of screen-based media.
Teen librarians can utilize this technique for the design or redesign of physical or virtual spaces at the library and/or web pages. Due to the nature of teens’ visits to libraries that are on a drop-in and unstructured manner, teen services librarians can adapt this technique to work with groups of teens who visit the library at different times to build on each other’s ideas. In this way, teen services librarians can also take note of the different ideas that originated from teens with varying interests and consider their preferences in the design of physical and virtual spaces. Additionally, this method can be used when teens are collaboratively designing a station in a makerspace, designing and building an artifact for the community, designing the display of collections at the library, and so on.
Figure 2: Layered Elaboration Technique
Photo credit: Kidsteam, Human-Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland
Big Paper
The big paper approach is a two-dimensional brainstorming technique that allows teams of adults and teens to “collaboratively work on one idea” using a large piece of paper that is placed on the floor or on a table.[lvi] Instead of using small sheets of paper, brainstorming uses large sheets of paper, which allows design participants to gather around one workspace, and hence provides adult and teen design partners an equal voice in the generation of ideas. To facilitate discussions, adult designers can divide the large sheet of paper into three sections: What, Why, How; these will allow teen co-designers to sketch out their questions, challenges, and design ideas.[lvii]
Figure 3: Big Paper Technique
Photo credit: Kidsteam, Human-Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland
Teen librarians can utilize this technique for the design of an entire arc of programming that they would like to offer for an extended period of time. Librarians can provide teens with general or specific genres such as gaming, fan fiction, science-infused movies, superheroes, sports, music, fashion design, and so on, which will allow teens to come up with their own programming and activities centered around these genres.
Sticky Noting
Used primarily for evaluation of certain products or services, sticky noting is a rather simple cooperative inquiry technique. In designing technologies, teens use sticky noting to evaluate an existing technology or critique a prototype that is under development (either working or low-tech prototypes).[lviii] For this technique, pens/pencils and sticky notes (also known as Post-it notes) are needed. All adults and teen design partners use or view a technology and begin writing their likes, dislikes, surprises, and design ideas on the sticky notes. The rule of thumb to remember in the execution of this technique is that each like, dislike, surprise, or design idea must be written on a separate note. As the notes accumulate, adult design partners will typically gather them all and stick them on a large wall space or whiteboard. One adult design partner (or sometimes two) will group the sticky notes into categories (likes, dislikes, surprises, design ideas) and subcategories (thematic elements that emerge within the larger categories, such as navigation, look and feel, color, etc.). Typically, the whole group will come together at the end of this exercise to discuss and review the themes that emerged. This results in an informal frequency analysis that points to the fertile direction of the next iteration of the technology. This evaluation technique has been successfully used in the design of many innovative technologies, such as the International Children’s Digital Library, the I’m Going Bananas game, and ScienceKit.[lix]
Teen librarians can utilize this technique to evaluate the design of existing physical or virtual spaces at their library, programming, and/or services. Additionally, they can sketch prototypes of new physical or virtual spaces at their library or the library programming and obtain feedback from teens at any stage in the development.
Figure 4: Sticky Notes Clustered into Themes on a Whiteboard
Photo credit: Kidsteam, Human-Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland
Conclusion
This article is one of the first to promote the use of participatory design techniques informed by research in other fields that can be adopted by teen librarians, particularly in capturing youth voices. While it is not meant to be an exhaustive list of cooperative inquiry techniques, the techniques shared here shift the power dynamics in the library, from librarians being experts to taking on the role of facilitators and design partners. In order for libraries to be connected centers of learning and librarians to be the connectors in connected learning, feedback from teens—whose needs and interests continue to evolve—is crucial to ensure that proper teen programming and services are in place for them. Almost all the questions posed in The Future of Library Services for and with Teens[lx] to guide local assessment and planning can be answered by engaging teens using the cooperative inquiry techniques presented in this paper. Such equal partnership with teens in the design of teen-related services and programs will situate both teen services librarians and teens as equally responsible for the learning that happens in the library.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank YALSA for sponsoring the presentation of this paper at the 2015 ALA Midwinter Trends Impacting Young Adult Services session. My heartiest gratitude goes to the Human-Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland, particularly to Dr. Alison Druin, who had inspired me to utilize these cooperative inquiry techniques in my own research. With her encouragement and mentorship, I am now able to share these techniques with teen librarians nationwide who can empower teens to contribute to the design of programs and services at their library. I would also like to thank Christie Kodama for her assistance with this paper.
Notes
[i] Henry Jenkins, Ravi Purushotma, Margaret Weigel, Katie Clinton, and Alice J. Robison, Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Report on Digital Media and Learning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009).
[ii] Ibid.; Chris Dede, “Comparing Frameworks for 21st Century Skills,” in 21st Century Skills: Rethinking How Students Learn, ed. James A. Bellanca and Ron S. Brandt (Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press, 2010), 51–76; Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004); Jeanne Liedtka and Tim Ogilvie, “Four Questions, Ten Tools,” in Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 21–37; National Research Council, Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century, report from the Committee on Defining Deeper Learning and 21st Century Skills (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2012).
[iii] Crystle Martin, “Connected Learning, Librarians, and Connecting Youth Interest,” Journal of Research on Libraries and Young Adults 6 (2015), https://www.yalsa.ala.org/jrlya/2015/03/connected-learning-librarians-and-connecting-youth-interest/ (accessed April 11, 2016).
[iv] Ibid.; Katie Davis and Sean Fullerton, “Connected Learning in and after School: Exploring Technology’s Role in the Diverse Learning Experiences of High School Students,” Information Society 32, no. 2 (2016): 98–116.
[v] Ola Erstad and Julian Sefton-Green, “Digital Disconnect? The ‘Digital Learner’ and the School,” in Intellectual Capital: Transactions, Technologies, and Learner Identity, ed. Ola Erstad and Julian Sefton-Green (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 87–106.
[vi] Mizuko Ito et al., Connected Learning: An Agenda for Research and Design (Irvine, CA: Digital Media and Learning Research Hub, 2013).
[vii] Linda W. Braun, Maureen L. Hartman, Sandra Hughes-Hassell, Kafi Kumasi, and Beth Yoke The Future of Library Services for and with Teens: A Call to Action, YALSA Report (Chicago: YALSA, 2014).
[viii] Valerie J. Gross, Transforming Our Image, Building Our Brand: The Education Advantage. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2013); Claire Valdivia and Mega Subramaniam, “Connected Learning in the Public Library: An Evaluative Framework for Developing Virtual Learning Spaces for Youth,” Public Library Quarterly 33, no. 2 (June 2014): 163–85.
[ix] Kris D. Gutiérrez and Barbara Rogoff, “Cultural Ways of Learning: Individual Traits or Repertoires of Practice,” Educational Researcher 32, no. 5 (June/July 2003): 19–25, http://people.ucsc.edu/~brogoff/Scanned-articles/scanned 12-2008/Cultural ways of learning.pdf (accessed on April 11, 2016); Ito et al., Connected Learning; Mega Subramaniam, Natalie Greene Taylor, Beth St. Jean, Rebecca Follman, Christie Kodama, and Dana Casciotti, “As Simple As That? Tween Credibility Assessment in a Complex Online World,” Journal of Documentation 71, no. 3 (May 2015): 550–71.
[x] Braun et al., The Future of Library Services; IMLS, Chrystie Hill, Merrilee Proffitt, and Sharon Streams, IMLS Focus: Learning in Libraries, report of the IMLS Focus convening on Learning in Libraries (Kansas City, MO, 2015), http://www.imls.gov/assets/1/AssetManager/IMLS_Focus_Learning_in_Libraries_Final_Report.pdf (accessed on April 11, 2016).
[xi] ARUP University, Future Libraries: Workshops Summary and Emerging Insights, report from the ARUP University (London: ARUP, 2015), http://publications.arup.com/Publications/F/Future_Libraries.aspx (accessed on April 5, 2016); John Carlo Bertot, Lindsay C. Sarin, and Johnna Percell, Re-envisioning the MLS: Findings, Issues, and Considerations, the final report from the University of Maryland’s iSchool and Information Policy & Access Center (College Park, MD: University of Maryland’s iSchool, 2015), http://mls.umd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ReEnvisioningFinalReport.pdf (accessed on April 1, 2016); IMLS et al., IMLS Focus: Learning in Libraries.
[xii] Martin, “Connected Learning, Librarians, and Connecting Youth Interest.”
[xiii] Crystle Martin and Mimi Ito, “Connected Learning and the Future of Libraries,” Young Adult Library Services 12, no. 1 (Fall 2013): 29–32.
[xiv] Ito et al., Connected Learning, 4.
[xv] Ibid., 8.
[xvi] Ibid., 62.
[xvii] Ibid.
[xviii] June Ahn, Mega Subramaniam, Elizabeth Bonsignore, Anthony Pellicone, Amanda Waugh, and Jason C. Yip, “ ‘I Want to Be a Game Designer or Scientist’: Connected Learning and Developing Identities with Urban, African-American Youth,” in ICLS ’14: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of the Learning Sciences (Boulder, CO, 2014), 657–64.
[xix] Ito et al., Connected Learning, 62.
[xx] Ibid.
[xxi] Ibid., 12.
[xxii] Ibid.
[xxiii] Ibid., 8. The connected learning framework is unpacked in detail in the following resources: Connected Learning Research Network, “Connected Learning Research Network,” Digital Media and Learning Research Hub, 2016, http://clrn.dmlhub.net (accessed April 10, 2016); Ito et al., Connected Learning; and Mizuko Ito, Elisabeth Soep, Neta Kligler-Vilenchik, Sangita Shresthova, Liana Gamber-Thompson, and Arely Zimmerman, “Learning Connected Civics: Narratives, Practices, Infrastructures,” Curriculum Inquiry 45, no. 1 (2015): 10–29.
[xxiv] Braun et al., The Future of Library Services.
[xxv] Eliza T. Dresang and Kate McClelland, “Black and White: A Journey,” Horn Book 71, no. 6 (1995): 704–10; Eliza Dresang, “Radical Change Revisited: Dynamic Digital Age Books for Youth,” Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education 8, no. 3 (2008): 294–304; Sylvia Pantaleo, Exploring Student Response to Contemporary Picture Books (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008); Eliza T. Dresang and Kyungwon Koh, “Radical Change Theory, Youth Information Behavior, and School Libraries,” Library Trends 58, no. 1 (Summer 2009): 26–50.
[xxvi] Dresang and Koh, “Radical Change Theory,” 27.
[xxvii] Ibid.
[xxviii] Ibid.
[xxix] Braun et al., The Future of Library Services; IMLS et al., IMLS Focus, 2.
[xxx] Braun et al., The Future of Library Services, 23.
[xxxi] Jerry Alan Fails, Mona Leigh Guha, and Allison Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children in the Design of New Technology for Children,” Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction 6, no. 2 (2012): 85–166.
[xxxii] Allison Druin, “The Role of Children in the Technology Design Process,” Behaviour and Information Technology 21, no. 1 (2002): 1–25.
[xxxiii] Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children,” 107.
[xxxiv] Ibid., 112.
[xxxv] Ibid.
[xxxvi] S. Rebecca Kelly, Emanuela Mazzone, Matthew Horton, and Janet C. Read, “Bluebells: A Design Method for Child-Centered Product Development,” in NordiCHI ’06: Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Changing Roles (Oslo, Norway, October 2006), 361–68.
[xxxvii] Ibid.
[xxxviii] Andrew Large, Leanne Bowler, Jamshid Beheshti, and Valerie Nesset, “Creating Web Portals with Children as Designers: Bonded Design and the Zone of Proximal Development,” McGill Journal of Education 42, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 61–82; Andrew Large, Valerie Nesset, Jamshid Beheshti, and Leanne Bowler, “ ‘Bonded Design’: A Novel Approach to Intergenerational Information Technology Design,” Library & Information Science Research 28, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 64–82.
[xxxix] Allison Druin, “Cooperative Inquiry: Developing New Technologies for Children with Children,” in CHI ’99: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Pittsburgh, PA, May 1999), 592–99; Druin, “The Role of Children in the Technology Design Process”; Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children.”
[xl] Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children.”
[xli] Greg Walsh, Elizabeth Foss, Jason Yip, and Allison Druin, “FACIT PD: A Framework for Analysis and Creation of Intergenerational Techniques for Participatory Design,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’13) (New York, 2013), 2893–902; Jason Yip, Tamara Clegg, Elizabeth Bonsignore, Helene Gelderblom, Emily Rhodes, and Allison Druin, “Brownies or Bags-of-Stuff?: Domain Expertise in Cooperative Inquiry with Children,” in IDC ’13: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (New York, June 2013), 201–10.
[xlii] Lili Luo and Margaret McKinney, “JAL in the Past Decade: A Comprehensive Analysis of Academic Library Research,” Journal of Academic Librarianship 41 (2015): 123–29; Asta B. Schram, “A Mixed Methods Content Analysis of the Research Literature in Science Education,” International Journal of Science Education 36, no. 15 (2014): 2619–38; Ryan S. Wells, Ethan A. Kolek, Elizabeth A. Williams, and Daniel B. Saunders, “How We Know What We Know: A Systematic Comparison of Research Methods Employed in Higher Education Journals, 1996–2000, 2006–2010,” Journal of Higher Education 86, no. 2 (2015): 171–97.
[xliii] The bags of stuff technique is explained in detail in the following resources: Druin, “Children as Codesigners of New Technologies”; Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children”; and Guha, Druin, and Fails, “Cooperative Inquiry Revisited.”
[xliv] Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children.”
[xlv] Allison Druin, “Children as Codesigners of New Technologies: Valuing the Imagination to Transform What Is Possible,” New Directions for Youth Development 128 (Winter 2010): 35–43.
[xlvi] Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children.”
[xlvii] Mona Leigh Guha, Allison Druin, and Jerry Alan Fails, “Cooperative Inquiry Revisited: Reflections of the Past and Guidelines for the Future of Intergenerational Co-Design,” International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 1, no. 1 (2013): 14–23.
[xlviii] Gene Chipman, Allison Druin, Dianne Beer, Jerry Alan Fails, Mona Leigh Guha, and Sante Simms, “A Case Study of Tangible Flags: A Collaborative Technology to Enhance Field Trips,” in IDC ’06: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Interaction Design and Children (Tampere, Finland, June 2006), 1–8; Jerry Alan Fails, “Mobile Collaboration for Young Children: Reading and Creating Stories” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2009).
[xlix] Valdivia and Subramaniam, “Connected Learning in the Public Library.”
[l] The Mission to Mars technique is explained in detail in the following resources: Dindler et al., “Mission from Mars”; Christian Dindler and Ole Sejer Iversen, “Fictional Inquiry: Design Collaboration in a Shared Narrative Space,” CoDesign 3, no. 4 (2007): 213–34; Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children.”
[li] Christian Dindler, Eva Eriksson, Ole Sejer Iversen, Andreas Lykke-Olesen, and Martin Ludvigsen, “Mission from Mars: A Method for Exploring User Requirements for Children in a Narrative Space,” in IDC ’05: Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Interaction Design and Children: Toward a More Expansive View of Technology and Children’s Activities (Boulder, CO, June 2005), 40–47.
[lii] Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children.”
[liii] The Mission to Mars technique is explained in detail in the following resources: Dindler et al., 2005; Dindler & Iverson, 2007; Fails, Guha & Druin, 2012.
[liv] Ibid., 137–38.
[lv] The layered elaboration technique is explained in detail in the following resources: Druin, “Children as Codesigners of New Technologies”; Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children”; Guha, Druin, and Fails, “Cooperative Inquiry Revisited”; Greg Walsh, Allison Druin, Mona Leigh Guha, Elizabeth Foss, Evan Golub, Leshell Hatley, Elizabeth Bonsignore, and Sonia Franckel, “Layered Elaboration: A New Technique for Co-Design with Children,” in CHI ’10: Proceedings on the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System (Atlanta, Georgia, 2010), 1237–40.
[lvi] Guha, Druin, and Fails, “Cooperative Inquiry Revisited,” 15.
[lvii] The big paper technique is described in detail in the following resources: Guha, Druin, and Fails, “Cooperative Inquiry Revisited”; and Walsh et al., “FACIT PD.”
[lviii] The sticky noting technique is explained in detail in the following resources: Druin, “Children as Codesigners of New Technologies”; Fails, Guha, and Druin, “Methods and Techniques for Involving Children”; and Guha, Druin, and Fails, “Cooperative Inquiry Revisited.”
[lix] Allison Druin, Benjamin Bederson, Anne Rose, and Ann Weeks, “From New Zealand to Mongolia: Co-Designing and Deploying a Digital Library for the World’s Children,” Children, Youth and Environments 19, no. 1 (2009): 34–57; Henry Been-Lim Duh, Sharon Lynn Chu Yew Yee, Yuan Xun Gu, and Vivian Hsueh-Hua Chen, “A Narrative-Driven Design Approach for Casual Games with Children,” in Sandbox ’10: Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Video Games (Los Angeles, CA, July 2010), 19–24; Jason Yip, June Ahn, Tamara Clegg, Elizabeth Bonsignore, Daniel Pauw, and Michael Gubbels, “It Helped Me Do My Science: A Case of Designing Social Media Technologies for Children in Science Learning,” in IDC ’14: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Interaction Design and Children (Aarhus, Denmark, June 2014), 155–64.
[lx] Braun et al., The Future of Library Services for and with Teens, 31–33.